There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. Kujula Kadphises was the first Yuezhi chief to lay the foundation of the Kushana Empire in India. Kushan Empire The Kushans (also Kushanas) belonged to the Yueh-chi tribe tribe who lived in Chinese Turkistan. [108], The reign of Huvishka corresponds to the first known epigraphic evidence of the Buddha Amitabha, on the bottom part of a 2nd-century statue which has been found in Govindo-Nagar, and now at the Mathura Museum. First king of Kushan dynasty is Kujula Kadphises. Kaniska, also spelled Question: Who was the first ruler of Kushan . Several direct depictions of Kushans are known from Gandhara, where they are represented with a tunic, belt and trousers and play the role of devotees to the Buddha, as well as the Bodhisattva and future Buddha Maitreya. [32] (190809). License:CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlikeKhunjerab Pass. Summer capital was in Begram, a place called Surkh Kotal and winter capital was Mathura . Kushan dynasty was founded by kujula kadphises (30 ad- 80 ad) Vim kadphises (95 ad-127 ad) was the sucsessor of kujula kadphises. Rajgir : Initial capital of the Magadha Empire from 6th century BCE to 460 BCE, called Girivraj at the time. ", Parthamaspates of Parthia, a client of Rome and ruler of the kingdom of Osroene, is known to have traded with the Kushan Empire, goods being sent by sea and through the Indus River.[133]. [15] Several inscriptions in Sanskrit in the Brahmi script, such as the Mathura inscription of the statue of Vima Kadphises, refer to the Kushan Emperor as , Ku--a ("Kushana"). In 78 CE, he established the Shaka period, which is being used by the Indian government today. The Kushan Empire (Ancient Greek: ; Bactrian: , Kushano; Sanskrit: ; Brahmi: , Ku--a; BHS: Gua-vaa; Parthian: , Kuan-xar; Chinese: Gu-shung[15]) was a syncretic empire, formed by the Yuezhi, in the Bactrian territories in the early 1st century. [citation needed], Vsishka was a Kushan emperor who seems to have had a 20-year reign following Kanishka II. Requested URL: byjus.com/free-ias-prep/ncert-notes-kushana-empire/, User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/103.0.0.0 Safari/537.36. Find out who really invented movable type, who Winston Churchill called "Mum," and when the first sonic boom was heard. [107] Between the mid-1st century and the mid-3rd century, Buddhism, patronized by the Kushans, extended to China and other Asian countries through the Silk Road. "[109], The 12th century historical chronicle Rajatarangini mentions in detail the rule of the Kushan kings and their benevolence towards Buddhism:[110][111]. With the development of Buddhist books, it caused a new written language called Gandhara. The Kushans spread from the Kabul River Valley to defeat other Central Asian tribes. [citation needed], One of the most recent list of rulers with dates is as follows:[148], Jayadaman Turkmenistan was known for the Kushan Buddhist city of Merv. [citation needed], As the Kushans took control of the area of Mathura as well, the Art of Mathura developed considerably, and free-standing statues of the Buddha came to be mass-produced around this time, possibly encouraged by doctrinal changes in Buddhism allowing to depart from the aniconism that had prevailed in the Buddhist sculptures at Mathura, Bharhut or Sanchi from the end of the 2nd century BC. Explain the importance of the Kushan Empire. They had diplomatic contacts with the Roman Empire, Sassanid Persia, Aksumite Empire, and Han China. This was when the Kushans held sway with their empire straddling Central Asia, Afghanistan and North India. The rule of Kanishka the Great, fourth Kushan king, lasted for about 23 years from c. AD 127. 138.201.209.250 I, the Mazda-worshipping lord, Shapur, king of kings of Iran and An-Iran (I) am the Master of the Domain of Iran (rnahr) and possess the territory of Persis, Parthian Hindestan, the Domain of the Kushan up to the limits of Pakabur and up to Kash, Sughd, and Chachestan. [55], Rosenfield notes that archaeological evidence of a Kushan rule of long duration is present in an area stretching from Surkh Kotal, Begram, the summer capital of the Kushans, Peshawar, the capital under Kanishka I, Taxila, and Mathura, the winter capital of the Kushans. Important finds of Sasanian coinage beyond the Indus river in the city of Taxila only start with the reigns of Shapur II (r.309-379) and Shapur III (r.383-388), suggesting that the expansion of Sasanian control beyond the Indus was the result of the wars of Shapur II "with the Chionites and Kushans" in 350-358 as described by Ammianus Marcellinus. The Yuezhi reached the Hellenic kingdom of Greco-Bactria (in northern Afghanistan and Uzbekistan) around 135BC. The last of the Kushan and Sassanian kingdoms were eventually overwhelmed by the Hepthalites, another Indo-European people from the north. The coinage of the Gupta Empire was also initially derived from the coinage of the Kushan Empire, adopting its weight standard, techniques and designs, following the conquests of Samudragupta in the northwest. [139], The Eastern Kushan kingdom, also known as the "Little Kushans", was based in the Punjab. It spread to encompass much of modern-day territory of, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, and northern India,[16][17][18] at least as far as Saketa and Sarnath near Varanasi (Benares), where inscriptions have been found dating to the era of the Kushan Emperor Kanishka the Great. The Kushan style of Kidarite coins indicates they claimed Kushan heritage. License:CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlikeIndo-Sasanians. J.-C. environ)", "Kushan Empire (ca. Coin of Sasanian ruler, For example, the 12th century historical chronicle from. Provided by: Wikipedia. [29][30] The Kushans in general were also great patrons of Buddhism, and, starting with Emperor Kanishka, they also employed elements of Zoroastrianism in their pantheon. Rife, J. L. "The Making of Roman India by Grant Parker (review)." Kozana They finally surpassed the other Yuezhi tribes in power. During Kanishka's reign, the language of the coinage changes to Bactrian (though it remained in Greek script for all kings). Refresh the page or contact the site owner to request access. Kushan rulers were also known as 'devputra' Kushan people kept statues of their former rulers in temples. 1901. The first king to call himself "Kushan" on his coinage: Indian imitation of a coin of Septimius Severus. These coins, which exhibit the figures of Greek, Roman, Iranian, Hindu, and Buddhist deities and bear inscriptions in adapted Greek letters, are witness to the toleration and to the syncretism in religion and art that prevailed in the Kushan empire. However, a recent archaeometallurgical study of trace elements through proton activation analysis has shown that Kushan gold contains high concentrations of platinum and palladium, which rules out the hypothesis of a Roman provenance. Located at:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka. For a translation of the full text of the Rabatak inscription see: Seated Buddha with inscription starting with, Perkins, J. The Kushan dynasty had diplomatic contacts with the Roman Empire, Sasanian Persia, the Aksumite Empire and the Han dynasty of China. Iloliev, A. [69] The Yuezhi retreated and paid tribute to the Chinese Empire. He also defeated the whole of the kingdoms of Puda (Paktiya) and Jibin (Kapisha and Gandhara). 135 no. ", Vima Kadphises (Kushan language: ) was a Kushan emperor from around AD 95127, the son of Sadashkana and the grandson of Kujula Kadphises, and the father of Kanishka I, as detailed by the Rabatak inscription. He was a great patron of Buddhism. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The Kushano-Sasanians ultimately became very powerful under Hormizd I Kushanshah (277286) and rebelled against the Sasanian Empire, while continuing many aspects of the Kushan culture, visible in particular in their titulature and their coinage. Traders What did the Kushan people do? He was a worshipper of Siva. This is also confirmed by the Rag-i-Bibi inscription in modern Afghanistan. At the height of the dynasty, the Kushans loosely ruled a territory that extended to the Aral Sea through present-day Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, into northern India. [56] From the time of Vima Takto, many Kushans started adopting aspects of Buddhist culture, and like the Egyptians, they absorbed the strong remnants of the Greek culture of the Hellenistic Kingdoms, becoming at least partly Hellenised. The great Kushan emperor Vima Kadphises may have embraced Shaivism (a sect of Hinduism), as surmised by coins minted during the period. He issued an extensive series of coins and inscriptions. In the first century AD, they advanced eastward towards India, conquering the Parthians . They are related to have collaborated militarily with the Chinese against nomadic incursion, particularly when they allied with the Han dynasty general Ban Chao against the Sogdians in 84, when the latter were trying to support a revolt by the king of Kashgar. Kushan control fragmented into semi-independent kingdoms as the Sassanians attacked from the west and the Guptas attacked from the east, collapsing the Kushan Empire around 375 CE. He too was a patron of art and under his patronage Mathura school of art prospered. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [131], Some Kushan coins have an effigy of "Roma", suggesting a strong level of awareness and some level of diplomatic relations.[131]. "[131], Also in 138, according to Aurelius Victor (Epitome XV, 4), and Appian (Praef., 7), Antoninus Pius, successor to Hadrian, received some Indian, Bactrian, and Hyrcanian ambassadors. They were the first recorded promoters of Hinayana and Mahayana scriptures in China, greatly contributing to the Silk Road transmission of Buddhism. [citation needed], During the 1st century AD, Buddhist books were being produced and carried by monks, and their trader patrons. Damajadasri II Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. [122], The coinage of the Kushans was abundant and an important tool of propaganda in promoting each Kushan ruler. He was succeeded by his son Vima Taktu or Sadashkana (AD 80 - AD 95) who expanded the empire into northwest India. [143] In his inscription on the Allahabad pillar Samudragupta proclaims that the Dvaputra-Shhi-Shhnushhi (referring to the last Kushan rulers, being a deformation of the Kushan regnal titles Devaputra, Shao and Shaonanoshao: "Son of God, King, King of Kings") are now under his dominion, and that they were forced to "self-surrender, offering (their own) daughters in marriage and a request for the administration of their own districts and provinces". [citation needed], Kanishka is renowned in Buddhist tradition for having convened a great Buddhist council in Kashmir. A Sanskrit manuscript fragment in the Schyen Collection describes Huvishka as one who has "set forth in the Mahyna. The Kushans adopted elements of the Hellenistic culture of Bactria. Spooner, D. B. And a Bodhisattva was in this country the sole supreme ruler of the land; he was the illustrious Nagarjuna who dwelt in Sadarhadvana. Damasena We are not permitting internet traffic to Byjus website from countries within European Union at this time. Instead, there is just the basic, thin frigate chassis with a long particle accelerator unit running down its centre spine, a . Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [48] Archaeological structures are known in Takht-i Sangin, Surkh Kotal (a monumental temple), and in the palace of Khalchayan. The regions of the Tarim Basin were all ultimately conquered by Ban Chao. [80] Upon his accession, Kanishka ruled a huge territory (virtually all of northern India), south to Ujjain and Kundina and east beyond Pataliputra, according to the Rabatak inscription: In the year one, it has been proclaimed unto India, unto the whole realm of the governing class, including Koonadeano (Kaundiny, Kundina) and the city of Ozeno (Ozene, Ujjain) and the city of Zageda (Saketa) and the city of Kozambo (Kausambi) and the city of Palabotro (Pataliputra) and as far as the city of Ziri-tambo (Sri-Champa), whatever rulers and other important persons (they might have) he had submitted to (his) will, and he had submitted all India to (his) will. [71], In the East, as late as the 3rd century AD, decorated coins of Huvishka were dedicated at Bodh Gaya together with other gold offerings under the "Enlightenment Throne" of the Buddha, suggesting direct Kushan influence in the area during that period. and more. There were 4 capitals for Kushans, one at Purushapura or Pushkalavati (near modern Peshawar) in North-West and the others at Taxila, Begram, which was the summer capital and Mathura, which was the winter capital. [122], Vasudeva I:Hashtnagar Buddha and its piedestal, inscribed with "year 384" of the Yavana era (c. AD 209). Although the Gupta period is generally considered to be the Golden Age, there was a remarkable epoch before it, which had its own measure of glory. Disclaimer: All efforts have been made to make . It used the Kharosthi script, which is derived from the Aramaic script, and it died out about in the 4th century CE. [74][72][75] Coins in imitation of Kushan coinage have also been found abundantly in the eastern state of Orissa. The Kidarite seem to have been rather prosperous, although on a smaller scale than their Kushan predecessors. In Chinese sources, they are referred to as Guishuang. License:CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlikeZoroastrianism. [122], Kanishka II:Statue of Hariti from Skarah Dheri, Gandhara, "Year 399" of the Yavana era (AD 244). At the height of the dynasty, the Kushans loosely ruled a territory that extended to the Aral Sea through present-day Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan into northern India. The Yuezhi then became extremely rich. Who was the ruler of Kushan dynasty? During the 1st and early 2nd centuries CE, the Kushans expanded across the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent. [115] The artistic cultural influence of kushans declined slowly due to Hellenistic Greek and Indian influences. The loose unity and comparative peace of such a vast expanse encouraged long-distance trade, brought Chinese silks to Rome, and created strings of flourishing urban centers. Jivadaman Rudrasena I, Huvishka (c. 151 c. 190)[t 4] The Western Kushans (in Afghanistan) were soon subjugated by the Persian Sasanian Empire and lost Sogdiana, Bactria, and Gandhara to them. Datarvharna, KUSHANO-SASANIANS [55] The name Guishuang was adopted in the West and modified into Kushan to designate the confederation, although the Chinese continued to call them Yuezhi. After 225 CE, the Kushan Empire crumbled into a western half, which was almost immediately conquered by the Sassanid Empire of Persia, and an eastern half with its capital in Punjab. There was Kushan influence on coinage in Kashgar, Yarkand, and Khotan. It was acknowledged as one of the four great Eurasian powers of its time (the others being China, Rome, and Parthia). [123][124][125] The coinage of the Kushans was copied as far as the Kushano-Sasanians in the west, and the kingdom of Samatata in Bengal to the east. No tracking or performance measurement cookies were served with this page. AD 193-211, A bronze coin of Kanishka the Great found in, The Kushano-Sasanians imitated the Kushans in some of their Bactrian coinage. [24][25][26][27][28][38] An Iranian, specifically Saka,[39] origin, also has some support among scholars. The Kushans ruled from first to second century AD, extending its reach to each and every corner of the valley. Then in the mid-4th century they were subjugated by the Gupta Empire under Samudragupta. The Sassanian king Shapur I (240270) claims in his Naqsh-e Rostam inscription possession of the territory of the Kushans (Kn ahr) as far as "Purushapura" (Peshawar), suggesting he controlled Bactria and areas as far as the Hindu-Kush or even south of it:[137]. He invaded Anxi (Indo-Parthia), and took the Gaofu (Kabul) region. Its military combines large, well organized conventional forces with various supernatural creatures and human magic users. [citation needed], Huvishka (Kushan: , "Ooishki") was a Kushan emperor from the death of Kanishka (assumed on the best evidence available to be in 150) until the succession of Vasudeva I about thirty years later. The Kushan Dynasty that grew into Kushan Empire was basically a Syncretic Empire. Kushan emperors represented a wide variety of faiths, including Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, and possibly Saivism, a sect of Hinduism. The Yuezhi were described in the Records of the Great Historian and the Book of Han as living in the grasslands of eastern Xinjiang and northwestern part of Gansu, in the northwest of modern-day China, until their King was beheaded by the Xiongnu () who were also at war with China, which eventually forced them to migrate west in 176160BC. Rudrasimha I His rule is recorded at Mathura, in Gandhara and as far south as Sanchi (near Vidisa), where several inscriptions in his name have been found, dated to the year 22 (the Sanchi inscription of "Vaksushana" i.e., Vasishka Kushana) and year 28 (the Sanchi inscription of Vasaska i.e., Vasishka) of a possible second Kanishka era. [113] The similarity of the Gandhara Bodhisattva with the portrait of the Kushan ruler Heraios is also striking. After the middle of Kanishka's reign, they used Kushan language legends (in an adapted Greek script), combined with legends in Greek (Greek script) and legends in Prakrit (Kharoshthi script). "Religions in the Kushan Empire". The art and culture of Gandhara, at the crossroads of the Kushan hegemony, developed the traditions of Greco-Buddhist art and are the best known expressions of Kushan influences to Westerners. On their coins they used Greek language legends combined with Pali legends (in the Kharoshthi script), until the first few years of the reign of Kanishka. South Asian Studies, 23(1), 3137, Gupta inscriptions using the term "Dinara" for money: No 5-9, 62, 64 in, Joe Cribb, 1974, "Chinese lead ingots with barbarous Greek inscriptions in Coin Hoards" pp.768, Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, Boris Abramovich; Zamir Safi, M. H. ", Enoki, K.; Koshelenko, G. A.; Haidary, Z. Shaka (c. 305 335)[t 4], Yasodaman II Rudrasimha I At this time since the Nirvana of the blessed Sakya Simha in this terrestrial world one hundred fifty years, it is said, had elapsed. Ardashir II (?-245), Peroz I, "Kushanshah" (c. 250 265) Kanishka held areas of the Tarim Basin apparently corresponding to the ancient regions held by the Yeh-zhi, the possible ancestors of the Kushan. 8 no. Around 270 CE, their territories on the Gangetic Plain became independent under local dynasties, such as the Yaudheyas. Rudrasena II [126][127][128] The imagery on Gupta coins then became more Indian in both style and subject matter compared to earlier dynasties, where Greco-Roman and Persian styles were mostly followed. It is still unclear whether the Western Satraps were independent rulers or vassals of the Kushan Empire (30-375 CE). He established his supremacy over Kabul, Kandahar and Afghanistan. Begram and Mathura: Summer and winter capitals respectively of the Kushan Empire; Dharanikota near Amaravati and Pratishthnapura: Capitals of Satavahana Empire The Kushans became affluent through trade, particularly with Rome, as their large issues of gold coins show. . Following the division of the Roman Empire in 395, the Byzantine Empire, with its capital at Constantinople, continued as Persia's principal western enemy, and main enemy in general. The Kushan Empire reached its cultural zenith circa 105 - 250 C.E. Text adapted from Boundless World History. The Kushans possibly used the Greek language initially for administrative purposes, but soon began to use the Bactrian language. License:CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlikeYuezhi. [73] Coins of the Kushans are found in abundance as far as Bengal, and the ancient Bengali state of Samatata issued coins copied from the coinage of Kanishka I, although probably only as a result of commercial influence. In other words, it was an Empire that derived its culture through the fusion of various other cultures. The Kushans were most probably one of five branches of the Yuezhi confederation,[22][23] an Indo-European nomadic people of possible Tocharian origin,[24][25][26][27][28] who migrated from northwestern China (Xinjiang and Gansu) and settled in ancient Bactria. License:CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike, Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, Historical Maps, Prints, Photographs and Books, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khunjerab_Pass, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Sasanians, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ZeusSerapisOhrmazdWithWorshipperBactria3rdCenturyCE.jpg. [102], Kushan Carnelian seal representing the "" (adsho Atar), with triratana symbol left, and Kanishka the Great's dynastic mark right, Coin of Kanishka I, with a depiction of the Buddha and legend "Boddo" in Greek script, Coin of Vima Kadphises. The northern capital of the Kushan empire was _______. According to the Rabatak inscription, Kanishka was the son of Vima Kadphises, the grandson of Sadashkana, and the great-grandson of Kujula Kadphises. Trade & economy [52], The Chinese first referred to these people as the Yuezhi and said they established the Kushan Empire, although the relationship between the Yuezhi and the Kushans is still unclear. [66], The Rabatak inscription, discovered in 1993, confirms the account of the Hou Hanshu, Weile, and inscriptions dated early in the Kanishka era (incept probably AD 127), that large Kushan dominions expanded into the heartland of northern India in the early 2nd century AD. Get hooked on history as this quiz sorts out the past. As they wrested territories from the Scythian tribes, the Kushans expanded south into the region traditionally known as Gandhara, establishing the twin capitals Kapisa and Pushklavati, near modern-day Kabul and Peshawar, respectively. He was succeeded by his son Vima Taktu or Sadashkana (AD 80 -AD 95) who expanded the empire into northwest India. Kushan coins had images of Kushan Kings, Buddha, and figures from the Indo-Aryan and Iranian pantheons. Located at:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ZeusSerapisOhrmazdWithWorshipperBactria3rdCenturyCE.jpg. "The Yu'eh-chih and their migrations". "Notes sur la geographie ancienne du Gandhra (commentaire un chaptaire de Hiuen-Tsang).". The rule of the Kushans linked the seagoing trade of the Indian Ocean with the commerce of the Silk Road through the long-civilized Indus Valley. Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom (also called Kushanshahs, KAN A or Koshano Shao in Bactrian, [1] or Indo-Sasanians) is a historiographic term used by modern scholars [2] to refer to a branch of the Sasanian Persians who established their rule in Bactria during the 3rd and 4th centuries CE at the expense of the declining Kushans. In Homeworld, the Kushan serve as the main protagonists to lead them back to their Homeworld. [70] A 2nd century stone inscription by a Great Satrap named Rupiamma was discovered in Pauni, south of the Narmada river, suggesting that Kushan control extended this far south, although this could alternatively have been controlled by the Western Satraps. Rudrasena IV, Varahran I (325350) The Chinese Book of Later Han chronicles then gives an account of the formation of the Kushan empire based on a report made by the Chinese general Ban Yong to the Chinese Emperor c. AD 125: More than a hundred years later [than the conquest of Bactria by the Yuezhi], the prince [xihou] of Guishuang (Badakhshan) established himself as king, and his dynasty was called that of the Guishuang (Kushan) King. Under pressure from other tribes they moved eastwards. The frigate is a simple design, basically the Assault Frigate with all the bulk around the central hull removed along with all the turrets. [33], The Kushan Empire fragmented into semi-independent kingdoms in the 3rd century AD, which fell to the Sasanians invading from the west, establishing the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom in the areas of Sogdiana, Bactria and Gandhara. Hellenistic The Kushans "adopted many local beliefs and customs, including Zoroastrianism and the two rising religions in the region, the Greek cults and Buddhism". In other words, it was an Empire that derived its culture through the fusion of various other cultures. [note 3]. During his ascent to the throne, the Kushan Empire ruled Afghanistan, Gandhara, Sind, and Punjab. Who was the greatest ruler of the Kushana dynasty where was his capital? Simhasena It is revealed that the Kushan are not native to the desert planet, having actually arrived there from Hiigara after being sent into an exile by the Taiidan Empire. Kanishka sent his armies north of the Karakoram mountains. [134] Around 85, they also assisted the Chinese general in an attack on Turpan, east of the Tarim Basin. "[48], The earliest documented ruler, and the first one to proclaim himself as a Kushan ruler, was Heraios. The Kushana empire got much reduced in his rule. His rule was a period of retrenchment and consolidation for the Empire. In, Harmatta, Jnos. The last of the Kushan and Kushano-Sasanian kingdoms were eventually overwhelmed by invaders from the north, known as the Kidarites, and then the Hephthalites. Yet, the Kushans also adopted aspects of Buddhist culture and, like the Egyptians, absorbed remnants of the Greek culture of the Hellenistic kingdoms. He is infamous for his persecution of Buddhists. A direct road from Gandhara to China remained under Kushan control for more than a century, encouraging travel across the Karakoram and facilitating the spread of Mahayana Buddhism to China. Under the rule of the Kushans, northwest India and adjoining regions participated both in seagoing trade and in commerce along the Silk Road to China. [55], The loose unity and comparative peace of such a vast expanse encouraged long-distance trade, brought Chinese silks to Rome, and created strings of flourishing urban centers.
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