Chinas developing country attributes will have dramatic domestic and international impacts, including on global energy demand, government strategic choices in managing the energy sector, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. text-align: center; Table C.1 summarizes the typology used by the three leading development organizations: the UNDP, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). [103] This growing class is also activating social forces that impact the energy sector, such as the effort to curb air pollution. { Despite being a developing country, China hosts the world's second-largest economy. .page-node-2034 #main > .wrapper, .page-node-2122 #main > .wrapper { World Bank DataBank, accessed June 6, 2020, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=CN-US. This includes advancements in the following areas: China has also increased funding for energy-related research, development, and deployment (RD&D), including in clean alternatives, and it is projected to soon surpass the United States as the top investor in public sector RD&D. Today, China's outstanding claims on developing country governments stand at $350 billion, far exceeding the claims of the United States and all other wealthy country lenders combined, which stand at $200 billion . Now, as the top energy consumer and the biggest emitter of greenhouse gases, China is being closely watched and judged as its impact on energy markets and climate grow more profound. display: flex; For years, China has excused its behavior under the cover of its development needs. [22] L. Nielsen, Classifications of Countries Based on Their Level of Development: How Is It Done and How It Could Be Done, IMF Working Paper, February 2011, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2011/wp1131.pdf. Its development history and characteristics also give it a standing with the community of developing countries that the United States and other advanced economies lack. #block-views-podcast-search2-block ul.views-view-grid li:nth-child(4n+1) { } background: url(/sites/default/files/podcast-images/Final-Columbia-Energy-Exchange-Cover-Art-01.png) no-repeat center center; color: #494949; CGEP Senior Research Scholar Dr. Erica Downs examines the environmental and debt sustainability of Chinas Belt and Road Initiative through the lens of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) power sector projects. [24] World Bank, World Bank Country and Lending Groups, Country Classification, accessed January 20, 2020, https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups. The government and domestic elites are increasingly positioning China as a country that not only controls its own destiny (rather than being subjected to foreign forces) but also asserts its influence abroad. } margin-left: 0; A developing country is one with comparatively low economic output. Moreover, the NDCs submitted by the major developed countries set an important precedent of relevance for China by providing express time-bound emissions reduction targets[92] (although the impending withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement fundamentally alters the international political context facing China). Debris found in two separate locations were likely remnants of a Chinese Long March 5B rocket launched last week from Hainan island. For example, Saudi Arabia, a high-income country whose GDP per capita reached $15,385 in 2006, saw its total primary energy demand per capita increase by 18 percent over the next decade even as its GDP per capita rose to nearly $20,000although it has more recently dropped from its peak in 2015 (energy data from IEA statistics and economic data from World Bank DataBank). [105] J. Nakano, Greening or Greenwashing the Belt and Road Initiative?, CSIS Commentary, May 1, 2019, accessed May 12, 2020, https://www.csis.org/analysis/greening-or-greenwashing-belt-and-road-initiative. . The number of people who escaped poverty is estimated at 800 million and . { [124] P. Kowalski and K. Perepechay, International Trade and Investment by State Enterprises, OECD Trade Policy Papers, no. margin-top: 2.5em; Under the terms of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) adopted in 1992, developing countries have greater flexibility in addressing climate change than developed ones. height: 100%; left: 0; 84, No. .page-our-work-resource-library2 #main-content { [98] Sandalow, Guide to Chinese Climate Policy 2019, 53. Philippe Benoit is an Adjunct Senior Research Scholar at the Center on Global Energy Policy (Full Bio), Kevin Tu is a Non-Resident Fellow at the Center on Global Energy Policy (Full Bio). Roughly, 60 percent of Chinese live in the urbanized areas, unlike other developed . Providing clean cooking has remained a daunting challenge for China. { [107] EY, China Go Abroad: How Will Chinese Enterprises Navigate New Challenges When Going Abroad under the New Global Trade Landscape?, October 2019, https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/ey-china-overseas-investment-report-issue-9-en/$FILE/ey-china-overseas-investment-report-issue-9-en.pdf. The following is an article penned byASPI Vice President Wendy Cutler and ASPI Senior Program Officer Kevin Doyleoriginally published by the East Asia Forum. [74] Richard Haass, Why the Coronavirus Should Change the Way We Think about China, Washington Post, February 11, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/02/11/how-coronavirus-could-change-china/. China President Xi Jinping (AP/File) China's status as a 'developing country' at the World Trade Organization (WTO) has become a contentious issue with a number of countries raising concerns over the upper middle-income nation deriving benefits reserved for developing countries under WTO norms. Despite Chinas overall economic might and its modernizing energy system, it still qualifies as a developing country under the principal criteria used by development organizations. height: 0; [26] UNDP, Human Development Indices and Indicators, 2018 Statistical Update, 1, accessed April 30, 2020, http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf. 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In his remarks on the Senate floor prior to the amendment vote, Sen. Sullivan argued that China, by any fair measure, is not a "developing nation," and should no longer be . This seems self-defeating, as a low-carbon transition in China is entirely technically and economically possible, as demonstrated in a recent report by Tsinghua University. }); China GDP (2021): $17.73 trillion 21 Population (2021): 1.41 billion 16 GDP per Capita (2021): $12,556 17 HDI (2021): 0.768 18 China is a developing country. One option would be to develop an objective standard based on relevant metrics inline with thoseused by the United Nations, International Monetary Fund and World Bank. [140] Linda Glawe and Helmut Wagner, China Caught in the Middle-Income Trap?, VoxChina, accessed November 7, 2019, http://voxchina.org/show-3-55.html. For example, while Chinas economy in 2018 was $9.6 trillion larger than Germanys (the worlds fourth largest economy), its cumulative GDP was nearly $60 trillion larger than Germanys over the preceding decade. [109] IEA, WEO-2017 Special Report: Energy Access Outlook, October 19, 2017, 69, https://webstore.iea.org/weo-2017-special-report-energy-access-outlook. For example, the Multidimensional Poverty Index includes three energy-related factors: (1) lack of access to electricity, (2) lack of access to clean cooking technologies, and (3) lack of ownership of staples such as a radio, a computer, a motorbike, a refrigerator, and other assets that involve energy consumption of modern fuels such as electricity and gasoline. margin-left: 0%; While COVID-19 dramatically lowered Chinas energy demand in the first quarter of 2020, many analysts do not anticipate a long-term impact.[72]. SHARM EL-SHEIKH, Egypt (Reuters) -China would be willing to support a mechanism for compensating poorer countries for losses and damage caused by climate change, its climate envoy Xie Zhenhua. Actually, the World Bank does not use the terms developed and developing, but rather low-income, lower-middle income, upper-middle income, and high income. IEA, World Energy Statistics 2018. #views-exposed-form-resource-library2-page #edit-combine-wrapper { Similarly, given its overall economic size and general advancements, China will likely no longer qualify as a developing country against other criteria, although it is more difficult to project when it will no longer formally qualify as a developing country under the HDI, which requires improvements in life expectancy and education that are more difficult to forecast. On the other hand,. /* Columbia Energy Exchange */ There seems to be little willingness to acknowledge this in Beijing. The re-emphasis on coal is a setback to efforts to cut emissions, as it locks China into a more high-carbon path.. Even though Chinas overall power generation is the highest in the world and universal electricity access was achieved in 2015, household consumption levels have remained relatively low. visibility: visible; [55] China Electricity Council, Data/Statistics, accessed June 6, 2020, http://english.cec.org.cn/No.110.index.htm and WEO 2019.. padding-left: 0; Even as the COVID-19 pandemic has slowed its economy, China has emerged as a strategic supplier of sophisticated medical devices and personal protective equipment for numerous advanced economies.
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